LIVE
QUEUE 438.0 GWDEMAND 64.1 GWAPPROVED 9,042 MWOBSERVED 3,883 MW|Gizmodo What Is the Smartest Way to Power the AI Boom? - Gizmodo|WKMG As gas plants rise to power AI, renewable energy allies are fighting for cleaner alternatives - WKMG|bloomingbit Power-Grid Stocks Surge on AI Data Center Demand; Gaon Cable Jumps 9.46%, Taihan Cable Gains 8.81% - bloomingbit|Yahoo Finance Core Scientific (CORZ) Recent Rally Puts Its AI Data Center Valuation Narrative To The Test - Yahoo Finance|simplywall.st Constellation Energy (CEG) And The AI Power Narrative As Valuation Questions Build - simplywall.st|Yahoo Colorado city eyes new data center rules as AI boom raises water, power, and noise fears - Yahoo|quasa.io Meta Alberta Data Center: AI Infrastructure Boom 2026 - quasa.io|simplywall.st AI Infrastructure Stocks For Data Center Growth After Apple OpenAI Fallout - simplywall.st|simplywall.st Is Caterpillar (CAT) Expensive Following AI Data Center Hype And Mining Deals? - simplywall.st|Space Daily A typical AI-focused data centre consumes as much electricity as 100,000 homes; that demand has helped trigger a race to put computing clusters into orbit, where companies argue that near-continuous sunlight could elimin…|Pandaily AI Data Center Power Consumption Surges: Solid-State Transformers Become Inevitable as Sungrow Enters 800V DC Architecture - Pandaily|AL.com Birmingham’s humane society sues city, AI company over data center plans - AL.com|upi.com Qcells targets U.S. AI power demand with solar project - upi.com|qz.com AIB CEO Jerry Tang reveals next steps in AI data center deployment - qz.com|Blockspace Media Why Sato is building an AI data center in Bhutan - Blockspace Media|WBMA Greater Birmingham Humane Society files lawsuit against planned data center - WBMA|QUEUE 438.0 GWDEMAND 64.1 GWAPPROVED 9,042 MWOBSERVED 3,883 MW|Gizmodo What Is the Smartest Way to Power the AI Boom? - Gizmodo|WKMG As gas plants rise to power AI, renewable energy allies are fighting for cleaner alternatives - WKMG|bloomingbit Power-Grid Stocks Surge on AI Data Center Demand; Gaon Cable Jumps 9.46%, Taihan Cable Gains 8.81% - bloomingbit|Yahoo Finance Core Scientific (CORZ) Recent Rally Puts Its AI Data Center Valuation Narrative To The Test - Yahoo Finance|simplywall.st Constellation Energy (CEG) And The AI Power Narrative As Valuation Questions Build - simplywall.st|Yahoo Colorado city eyes new data center rules as AI boom raises water, power, and noise fears - Yahoo|quasa.io Meta Alberta Data Center: AI Infrastructure Boom 2026 - quasa.io|simplywall.st AI Infrastructure Stocks For Data Center Growth After Apple OpenAI Fallout - simplywall.st|simplywall.st Is Caterpillar (CAT) Expensive Following AI Data Center Hype And Mining Deals? - simplywall.st|Space Daily A typical AI-focused data centre consumes as much electricity as 100,000 homes; that demand has helped trigger a race to put computing clusters into orbit, where companies argue that near-continuous sunlight could elimin…|Pandaily AI Data Center Power Consumption Surges: Solid-State Transformers Become Inevitable as Sungrow Enters 800V DC Architecture - Pandaily|AL.com Birmingham’s humane society sues city, AI company over data center plans - AL.com|upi.com Qcells targets U.S. AI power demand with solar project - upi.com|qz.com AIB CEO Jerry Tang reveals next steps in AI data center deployment - qz.com|Blockspace Media Why Sato is building an AI data center in Bhutan - Blockspace Media|WBMA Greater Birmingham Humane Society files lawsuit against planned data center - WBMA
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Data Center

WATCH

 the power, compute + dependency layer behind the data-center buildout
ERCOT
Get the weekly signal
Global repository datacenter build out

One board for past buildouts, current load, future requests, power-capacity gaps, and the primary → secondary → tertiary dependencies that turn a greenfield site into an operating compute campus. Every number links to a primary source.

ERCOT deep dive · evidence store · 2026-07-11
Jump to signals → 3D network map Interconnection queue
Initializing orbital network map…
15,510 facilities
PAN
drag · scroll
+/− · F pop
Facility layer: ATLAS · OSM · PeeringDB · FracTracker · Epoch AI. ATLAS points use city centroids. MW only when source-stated. Marker size is signal tier, not a complete capacity census. Fiber arcs are simplified public corridors — not exact routes or live capacity.
15,510facilities
7,794localities
32fiber arcs
179countries
lat — · lng — · alt —
Past / operatingfleet, demand, realized large load
EIA-930 EIA-860 ERCOT LLI
In process / approvedstudy, fee, energization, delivery
ERCOT LLI LLWG
Future / requestedqueue, submissions, greenfields
Queue decks Load requests PUCT filings
Gap / at riskshortfall, lead time, constraint
Demand Fleet Load queue

Signal board

Every headline datapoint is a card. Click any card to jump to the underlying detail.

ERCOT large-load queue
future
438.0 GW
+94% vs. 2025
New submissions to 2036
future
140.0 GW
reported submissions still being processed
Queue attributed to data centers
future
90%
editorial feed signal · not a forecast
Approved to energize
process
9,042 MW
ERCOT · cumulative
Observed operational peak
live
3,883 MW
large loads actually drawing power
Queue not yet observed
gap
434.1 GW
gross backlog proxy · not a cancellation estimate
Power gap proxy
gap
263.1 GW
queue − fleet · 2.5× current nameplate
ERCOT demand, live
live
64.1 GW
EIA-930 · 2026-07-10T07Z · 37% of nameplate
Energy delivered
live
56,287 GWh
ERCOT · last 35 days
Operating generation fleet
live
174.9 GW
1 region · EIA-860/860M
Fuel + firming base
live
67.2 GW
Natural Gas · 38% · battery 15.9 GW
Flagship compute
live
1,742.0 PF
El Capitan · 29.6 MW · queue ≈ 14,807×
Compute efficiency
live
58.9 GF/W
134× since 2008
Data-center build cost
process
$11–11.3/W
full build / shell-and-core benchmarks
Cooling efficiency · best fleet
process
1.09 PUE
Google (global fleet-wid · broad avg 1.54
Next Batch Zero deadline
process
13 days
2026-07-24 · Batch Zero Load Information Form due t
Extreme-environment compute
coverage
38 records
21 deployed · 1 operating · 7 planned · 5 study · atmosphere 5, floating 6, lunar 1, ocean 7, orbit 8, underground 11
Data center jobs
process
141 open roles
employer ATS boards · Texas & remote
Worldwide DC facilities
coverage
27,401
15,510 geocoded · 179 countries · open sources
Facilities with disclosed MW
live
583 sites
Σ disclosed 240.5 GW · never estimated for gaps
Worldwide source registry
coverage
27 sources
queues · capacity · forecasts · primary operators
Coverage footprint
coverage
13 dependency layers
1/7 regions live · primary → tertiary

Worldwide facility registry 27,401 sites · open sources only · every row sourced

Worldwide facility layer assembled from open sources plus the full ATLAS directory (unrestricted use granted to Data Center Watch by the ATLAS IP team, 2026-07), OpenStreetMap (ODbL), PeeringDB interconnection campuses, FracTracker US operating/proposed inventory, and Epoch AI large AI campuses (CC BY 4.0). ATLAS coordinates are city-level centroids (labelled as such), not rooftop GPS. DataCenterMap and Baxtel remain catalogued only (commercial no-scrape). MW and H100-eq appear only when a source states them. Gaps stay empty. The globe plots every geocoded row; fiber arcs remain illustrative corridors.

Facility count by country label · incomplete where source omits country

Provenance mix · dual-count possible pre-dedup across sources

FacilityOperatorCountryCity / regionMWH100-eqStatusSource
Project JadeCrusoeUnited StatesCheyenne10.0 GW—suspendedFracTracker Alliance National Da
SoftBank Data Center/PORTS Technology CampusSoftbank/Open AI (unconfirmed)United StatesPiketon9,200 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Stratos Project, eastern parcels—United StatesSnowville9,000 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
New Era Energy & Digital Data Center—United StatesLea County7,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
GW Ranch (Pacifico Energy)—United StatesPecos County5,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Homer City Energy CampusHomer City Redevelopment (with Kiewit as contractor/partner)United StatesHomer City4,500 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Shippingport Bruce Mansfield Data Center/Project PhoenixAligned Data CentersUnited StatesShippingport3,600 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Pittsylvania County Data CenterBalico LLCUnited StatesChatham3,500 MW—cancelledFracTracker Alliance National Da
MSB Global Services Matrix Data Center—United StatesSulphur Springs3,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Stak Energy Data CenterStakUnited StatesNorth Slope Borough3,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Vermaland Data CenterVermaland LLCUnited StatesRed Rock3,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Hobart Data CenterAmazonUnited StatesHobart2,400 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Tract Technology CampusVALCO HANOVER COUNTYUnited StatesAshland2,400 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Adams Fork Harless Data CenterTransGas Development, LLCUnited StatesHolden2,398 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Adams Fork Wharncliffe Data CenterTransGas Development, LLCUnited StatesWharncliffe2,398 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
New Carlisle Data CenterAmazonUnited StatesNew Carlisle2,200 MW—operatingFracTracker Alliance National Da
Eneus EnergyEneus EnergyUnited StatesHarlingen2,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Green Data Center—United StatesSocorro2,000 MW—cancelledFracTracker Alliance National Da
PowerBridge/LandBridge—United StatesBetween Odessa and Pecos2,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Project HorizonPoolside/CoreWeaveUnited StatesFort Stockton2,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Sterling Data CenterGranite RenewablesUnited StatesSterling2,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Sweetwater 1 and 2IRENUnited StatesSweetwater2,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Project BunkhouseGaines Family Land LLCUnited StatesCartersville1,830 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
AREP PowerHouse Grand PrairiePowerHouse Data CentersUnited StatesMidlothian1,800 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
PowerHouse Data Centers—United StatesJackson Twp/ Joliet1,800 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
PowerHouse Hillwood HoldingPowerHouse Hillwood HoldingUnited StatesJoliet1,800 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Ridgeline MicrogridFundamental Data LLCUnited StatesDavis1,656 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Tract Data Center—United StatesSilver Springs1,600 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Antelope Data Center—United StatesCedar City1,500 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Arizona Land Consulting Co.—United StatesTonopah1,500 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Blakely Data Center—United StatesBlakely1,500 MW—cancelledFracTracker Alliance National Da
Crusoe/ Blue Energy Data CenterCrusoeUnited StatesVictoria1,500 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
NE Edge Groton Data Center—United StatesWaterford1,500 MW—cancelledFracTracker Alliance National Da
Open AI/ SoftBank "Freebird"—United StatesBurlington1,500 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Project Gold Data Center—United StatesClifton Twship1,500 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Stargate Data CenterBristolville 25 Developer LLCUnited StatesWarren1,500 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Frontier Vantage Data Center—United StatesAbilene1,400 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Related Digital/The BarnRelated Digital/Open AI/OracleUnited StatesSaline1,400 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
xAI Colossus 2xAIUnited StatesMemphis1,400 MW—expandingFracTracker Alliance National Da
Project Arrowhead—United StatesOcilla1,250 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Wyoming Hyperscale WhiteboxPrometheus HyperscaleUnited StatesEvanston1,250 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Zenith Volts Data Center—United StatesRoswell1,240 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Project Aquilla: Abbott Holding Data CenterRCM HillUnited StatesHill County1,235 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Amazon Data CenterAmazonUnited StatesHeppner1,200 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
CloudBurst Data Center—United StatesNew Braunfels1,200 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Kentucky Industrial Alliance LLC Data CenterKentucky Industrial Alliance LLCUnited StatesCave City1,200 MW—suspendedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Oasis Data Center—United StatesFredericksburg1,200 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Open AI/ SoftBank Stargate Data Center (Lancium Clean Campus)Microsoft (previously Open AI/Oracle)United StatesAbilene1,200 MW—operatingFracTracker Alliance National Da
Project MarvelLogistic Land Investments LLCUnited StatesBessemer1,200 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Project SpadeRelated Digital/GoogleUnited StatesNew Florence1,200 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
South Valley Technology Park Data CenterTractUnited StatesSparks1,200 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Starwood Digital Ventures—United StatesNew Castle1,200 MW—suspendedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Tract Data CenterFleetUnited StatesSilver Springs1,200 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Amazon Jeffersonville Data CenterAmazonUnited StatesJeffersonville1,184 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
EdgeCoreEdgeCoreUnited StatesKents Store1,100 MW—suspendedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Stack Data Center—United StatesStafford1,100 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Goodnight CampusCrusoeUnited StatesClaude1,030 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Wilsonville Data CenterNorthpoint DevelopmentUnited StatesWilsonville1,008 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Amazon RidgelandAmazonUnited StatesRidgeland1,000 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Eagle Rock Data CenterEagle RockUnited StatesPalmer1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Flint Hills Digital Campus—United StatesEmporia1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Lacy Lakeview Data CenterInfraKey CapitalUnited StatesLacy Lakeview1,000 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Lower Peninsula Data Center—United StatesLower Peninsula1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Meta Project SeafoxWurldwide LLC/ MetaUnited StatesEl Paso1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Nixxy-Tachyon 9 Data Center—United StatesEpping1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Panattoni Project CannoliGoogleUnited StatesVan Buren Township1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Project DominoMetaUnited StatesLebanon1,000 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Quantica LLC Big Sky CampusMeta, Google, AmazonUnited StatesBroadview1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Rocklocker LLC—United StatesKalkaska Township1,000 MW—cancelledFracTracker Alliance National Da
Sentinel Grove Technology Park/ Project Jarvis—United StatesFort Pierce1,000 MW—suspendedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Stafford Technology Campus—United StatesStafford1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Tract Morris Data CenterTract Data CentersUnited StatesMorris1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Treetop Development Projectonovan Drive Holdings LLCUnited StatesHopewell Junction1,000 MW—suspendedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Walterboro Data CenterEagle Rock PartnersUnited StatesWalterboro1,000 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Salem Township Amazon Data CenterAmazonUnited StatesWapwallopen960 MW—proposedFracTracker Alliance National Da
Colossus 2SpaceXAIUnited States—946 MW1,390kai_campusEpoch AI Data Centers (CC BY 4.0
Project SailAtlas DevelopmentUnited StatesNewnan936 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Anthropic-Amazon New CarlisleAmazonUnited States—910 MW687kai_campusEpoch AI Data Centers (CC BY 4.0
Robena Mine Data Center/ Project HummingbirdEssential Utilities/ International Electric Power of PittsburghUnited StatesMonongahela Township910 MW—approved/permitted/under conFracTracker Alliance National Da
Bolingbroke Technology Campus—United StatesMacon900 MW—cancelledFracTracker Alliance National Da

Showing top 80 by disclosed power / connectivity density of 27,401. Full machine-readable export: JSON · CSV · 15,510 geocoded · 583 with MW · 179 countries.

Buildout dependency map the chain behind every new data center

Coverage model: what we already observe, what should be ingested next, and where a power story becomes a land, water, equipment, labor, capital, or community story. Green dots are tracked; violet dots are catalogued for ingestion.

Primary

Land + greenfield

site control · zoning · water rights

entitlements, parcels, rezoning, moratoria
Primary

Load + offtake

MW request · ramp · utilization

tenant, phase, workload, contract tenor
Primary

Grid interconnection

queue · study · milestone

LLI status, TSP, substation, study scope
Primary

Utility delivery

service date · tariff · curtailment

energization, deposit, reliability terms
Secondary

Generation + firming

gas · nuclear · renewables · BESS

new build, retirements, fuel, dispatchability
Secondary

Transmission + substation

transformers · lines · upgrades

scope, lead time, cost allocation, outage risk
Secondary

Water + cooling

PUE · WUE · source · discharge

withdrawals, drought, cooling topology, permits
Secondary

Fiber + network

backhaul · latency · route diversity

carrier routes, landing points, dark fiber
Secondary

Permitting + community

air · noise · tax · local votes

dockets, conditions, litigation, incentives
Tertiary

Equipment supply chain

GPU · switchgear · generators

vendor, allocation, lead time, factory capacity
Tertiary

EPC + workforce

design · crews · commissioning

contractor, labor pool, schedule, safety
Tertiary

Capital + tax base

capex · incentives · revenue

financing, abatements, tax receipts, stranded risk
Tertiary

Operations + externalities

uptime · emissions · waste heat

jobs, emissions, noise, resilience, reuse

News monitor daily crawl · headline links only · source first

The ticker is fed by an automated RSS crawl across grid, energy, data-center, HPC, and large-load sources. Headlines link to the original publisher; Data Center Watch does not copy article bodies.

Space Daily

A typical AI-focused data centre consumes as much electricity as 100,000 homes; that demand has helped trigger a race to put computing clusters into orbit, where companies argue that near-continuous sunlight could elimin…

A typical AI-focused data centre consumes as much electricity as 100,000 homes; that demand has helped trigger a race to put computing clusters into orbit, where companies argue that near-continuous sunlight could eliminate the utility bill — though the solar …

Grid pulse hourly demand + daily peaks · EIA-930

Actual system demand — not interconnection requests. Crosshair cursors, ±1σ band, mean reference, scientific axes. Gaps stay empty — nothing is interpolated.

μ / σ / range from observed hours only · brush + scroll to zoom · EIA-930

Daily peak by balancing authority · fixed categorical colors · nulls not filled

Interconnection queues latest verified totals · ERCOT history

Step series · queue jumps only at published decks · no interpolation between months

Approved vs observed · realization % = observed ÷ approved when both exist

RegionTotal queueAs of
ERCOT438.0 GW2026-03-31

Generation capacity actual in-service fleet · EIA-860/860M

Nameplate capacity by fuel — what is built, not what is requested. Complements the queue charts above.

Nightingale rose · nameplate MW share · EIA-860/860M

Lollipop fleet map · operating nameplate by region

RegionMWAs of
ERCOT174.9 GW2026-04
ERCOT fuelMWShare
Natural Gas67.2 GW38%
Wind40.0 GW23%
Solar31.6 GW18%
Battery Storage15.9 GW9%
Coal13.4 GW8%
Nuclear5,139 MW3%
Oil/Diesel798 MW0%
Hydro549 MW0%
Other/Biomass374 MW0%

Industry benchmarks every figure independently verified against its primary source

Lower is better · reference line at industry ~1.5 PUE · source-linked table below

CapEx per watt

Entity$/WAs ofSource
1x1 combined-cycle gas turbine plant (generation side, not the data center building)$0.92/W2023GridLab / Energy Futures Group / Halcyon, citing EIA (Sargent & Lundy cost study)
Traditional prime markets, full build (shell + M&E + cooling + fit-out)$11.00/W2025-2026CBRE Investment Management, citing Turner & Townsend Data Center Cost Index
Global average (shell-and-core construction)$11.30/W2026 (forecast)JLL

Cooling — PUE table

EntityPUEAs ofSource
Google (global fleet-wide)1.092025Google (datacenters.google)
AWS (global fleet-wide)1.142025Amazon.com Inc. (Amazon Sustainability)
US national average (all data center types)1.402023Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637)
Global industry average (Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025, n=681)1.542025Uptime Institute (Uptime Intelligence)

DC share of annual grid electricity

EntityShareAs ofSource
United States — all data centers (649 TWh reference case)11.8% of total U.S. electricity use2030 (reference forecast)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update
Ireland — all grid-connected data centers (7.663 TWh metered)23.0% of total metered electricity consumption2025Central Statistics Office Ireland — Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025
United States — all data centers (176 TWh estimated consumption)4.4% of total U.S. electricity use2023Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report

Buildout & dependency chain

MetricEntityValueAs ofSource
Contracted large-load capacityIreland — data centers + other new-technology loads, transmission contracts2,000 MW2025-08EirGrid / SONI — Large Demand Facility Fault Ride Through information paper
Data-center capacityNew Zealand — data-center capacity (median scenario)400 MW2035 (forecast)Transpower — Te Kanapu Data Centres Insights
Data-center energy shareIreland — data centers + new-technology loads (median scenario)30.0% of electrical energy requirements2032 (forecast)EirGrid / SONI — Large Demand Facility Fault Ride Through information paper
Projected data-center load growthPJM — projected data-center load growth (up to)30.0 GW2030 (forecast)PJM — 2025 Year in Review: Planning
Observed data-center peak demandIreland — data centers (observed peak demand to date)800 MW2025-08EirGrid / SONI — Large Demand Facility Fault Ride Through information paper
ERCOT deep dive

Upcoming Batch Zero deadlines

  • 2026-07-24 — Batch Zero Load Information Form due to ERCOT

Watch feed

2026-07-24 batch zero deadline

Batch Zero Load Information Form due to ERCOT

Interconnecting TSPs must submit the Batch Zero LIF workbook, Dynamic Stability Study Form, and Section 9.2.1.2/9.2.1.4 attestations to BatchZero@ercot.com source

2026-07-10 batch zero deadline

Form X / Form W / most ILLE attestations due

ILLEs must submit Form X (WLPUN designation), Form W (PCLR commitment), and Section 9.2.1.1 attestations to their interconnecting DSP/TSP source

2026-06-18 regulatory

PUCT approves Batch Zero rules

PUCT approved rules for ERCOT to review an initial batch of large-load interconnection requests (75+ MW), including a $50,000/MW fee structure source

2026-03-31 queue update

Large-load queue reaches 438 GW

ERCOT tracking 438 GW of large-load requests; ~90% from data centers; 198 GW applied in Q1 2026 alone source

2026-03-13 queue update

137 new LLI submissions totaling ~140 GW by 2036

ERCOT reported receiving 137 new LLI submissions totaling approximately 140,000 MW of new large load by 2036, still being processed source

2025-11-30 queue update

Queue nearly quadruples year-over-year

226 GW of large-load interconnection requests, up from 63 GW twelve months earlier; 73% from data centers source

Snapshot table

MonthTotal queueApprovedObserved peakSource
2026-03-31438.0 GW9,042 MW3,883 MWUtility Dive / PUCT; ERCOT Mar 2026 TAC report
2025-11-30226.0 GW——ERCOT public data via davefriedman.substack.com
2025-03-31—9,042 MW3,883 MWERCOT LLI Status Update Mar 2026 (TAC)
2024-11-3063.0 GW——ERCOT public data via davefriedman.substack.com
2024-01-3139.3 GW4,479 MW2,587 MWERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024
2023-12-3139.2 GW4,479 MW2,432 MWERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024
2023-10-3139.3 GW3,926 MW2,379 MWERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024
2023-09-3039.6 GW3,926 MW2,379 MWERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024
2023-08-3142.5 GW3,744 MW2,347 MWERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024
2023-07-31—3,084 MW2,336 MWERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024
2023-05-3141.8 GW2,620 MW2,072 MWERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024
2023-04-3039.6 GW2,570 MW2,013 MWERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024
2023-03-3139.4 GW2,570 MW—ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024
2022-04-3017.4 GW——ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024

Compute per megawatt worldwide · TOP500 flagship systems

Dual axis · log efficiency (Gflops/W) + HPL power (MW) · measured as published, never estimated

Flagship TOP500 efficiency improved 134× from 2008 to 2024 — a doubling every ~2.3 years. The ERCOT large-load queue nearly doubled in the last twelve months alone. Efficiency isn't going to save the grid: today's 438.0 GW queue equals ~14,807 copies of El Capitan, the most powerful computer on the TOP500.

ListSystemCountryHPL RmaxPowerGflops/W
2024-11El CapitanUnited States1,742.0 PF29.6 MW58.89
2024-06AuroraUnited States1,012.0 PF38.7 MW26.15
2022-06FrontierUnited States1,102.0 PF21.1 MW52.23
2020-11FugakuJapan442.0 PF29.9 MW14.78
2019-06SummitUnited States148.6 PF10.1 MW14.72
2016-06Sunway TaihuLightChina93.0 PF15.4 MW6.05
2013-06Tianhe-2China33.9 PF17.8 MW1.90
2012-11TitanUnited States17.6 PF8.2 MW2.14
2011-11K computerJapan10.5 PF12.7 MW0.83
2009-11JaguarUnited States1.8 PF7.0 MW0.25
2008-06RoadrunnerUnited States1.0 PF2.3 MW0.44

Extreme-environment compute ledger orbit · ocean · floating · underground · atmosphere · polar

Documented data centers, computing payloads, and proposals in non-standard environments — including Antarctic research IT (McMurdo IT&C, IceCube, South Pole Telescope). Communications platforms and edge systems are labelled when they are not full data centers; no unpublished MW is inferred. Commercial hyperscale does not operate on the Antarctic continent under the Treaty System.

deployed commercial cloud deviceorbit · LEO

AWS Snowcone on Ax-1

Axiom Space · International Space Station

Commercial cloud device operationalized aboard the ISS in 2022; commercial AI inference conducted in orbit. Edge device, not a full data center.

As of 2022-04 · Axiom Space

deployed research prototypeorbit · LEO

AxDCU-1

Axiom Space · International Space Station

Data Center Unit-1 powered by Red Hat Device Edge; cloud computing, AI/ML, data fusion, and space-cybersecurity test applications.

As of 2025 fall · Axiom Space

deployed commercial nodesorbit · LEO

Orbital Data Center nodes 1–2

Axiom Space · Free-flying low Earth orbit nodes

First two dedicated orbital data-center nodes launched January 11, 2026; 2.5 Gbps-capable optical intersatellite links.

As of 2026-01 · Axiom Space

deployed research systemorbit · LEO

Spaceborne Computer-2

NASA + Hewlett Packard Enterprise · International Space Station

HPE ProLiant DL360 server plus Edgeline 4000 server; research and commercial edge-compute validation.

As of 2025-02 · NASA Spinoff

deployed technology demonstratororbit · LEO

Starcloud-1

Starcloud · Low Earth orbit

First NVIDIA H100 GPU in orbit; company reports Gemini inference and nanoGPT training in space.

As of 2025-11 · Starcloud

planned orbital nodeorbit · LEO

AxODC Node ISS

Axiom Space · International Space Station

Planned additional ISS ODC node; Axiom says it plans at least three interconnected ODC nodes by 2027.

As of 2027 target · Axiom Space

planned commercial missionorbit · LEO / SSO

Starcloud-2

Starcloud · Sun-synchronous orbit

GPU cluster; persistent storage; 24/7 access; proprietary thermal and power systems in a smallsat form factor.

As of 2027 target · Starcloud

studyorbit · feasibility study

Space-Based Data Centres study

European Space Agency · ESA Discovery and Preparation study

Generic space-data-centre architecture and simulation; the work examines technical operational and economic constraints before mission approval.

As of 2024-05 · ESA Discovery and Preparation

deployed proof of conceptlunar · lunar surface

Independence payload

Lonestar Data Holdings · Odysseus landing site near the lunar south pole

Commercial lunar data-storage and edge-processing test; data was stored on the Moon and returned to Earth.

As of 2024-02 · Lonestar Data Holdings

operating moduleocean · ocean

Hainan Undersea Data Center

Highlander / HiCloud · Lingshui Li, Hainan, China

Builder-backed project reported as running smoothly after its first module launched March 31, 2023; commercial undersea data-center service and deployment program.

As of 2023-03 · Government of Hainan / builder

deployed and recoveredocean · ocean

Northern Isles (SSDC-002)

Microsoft · European Marine Energy Centre, North Sea

240 kW; 12 racks; 864 servers; 27.6 PB; deployed June 2018 and retrieved July 2020.

As of 2020-07 · Microsoft Project Natick

planned national demonstrationocean · seabed

Carbon-Zero Underwater Data Center Standard Model (Ulsan)

Korea Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries + 12-org consortium (KIOST, UNIST, POSCO, GS E&C, SK Telecom) · Offshore Ulsan, South Korea

Site selected April 2026; test module at 20 m depth (as reported); target PUE 1.2; 51.1 billion won total investment through 2030; demonstration facility targeted by 2030, commercial construction from 2031. Nothing deployed yet.

As of 2026-04 · Seoul Economic Daily

planned deployment partnershipocean · ocean

Marine computing-power synergy benchmark

Highlander / CCCC · China coastal regions

Strategic partnership signed June 2026 for scaled undersea compute deployment and computing-power / offshore-energy synergy.

As of 2026-06 · Highlander

planned commercial deployments (rolling trial)ocean · ocean

Project OTTO

Subsea Cloud · Subsea deployment portfolio

Modular subsea data centers on a build/deploy/maintain model; company marketing claims up to 700 MW per-site capability (a capability claim, not deployed capacity); Project OTTO rolling customer trial began October 2024 off south-west Norway with a 16-rack unit at 150 kW+ per rack.

As of 2025 · Subsea Cloud

retired research pilotocean · ocean

Project Natick Phase 1

Microsoft · Pacific Ocean seabed

First underwater data-center pilot operated approximately one kilometer off the Pacific coast from August to November 2015.

As of 2015-08 to 2015-11 · Microsoft Project Natick

announced, never confirmed deployedocean · submerged capsule

San Francisco Bay underwater GPU capsule

NetworkOcean · San Francisco Bay, California, USA

Company claimed a 500 kW capsule and offered 2,048 NVIDIA H100 GPUs for reservation; sought no permits and SF Bay regulators warned of heavy fines (Wired, Sept 2024). No public evidence the test ever took place; current status unknown.

As of 2024-09 · Data Center Dynamics, citing Wired

deployed operating pilotfloating · floating river platform

Denv-R floating data center, Nantes

Denv-R / Geps Techno · Quai Wilson, Loire River, Nantes, France

200 kW in a 100 m2 solar-covered container housing four racks; passive Loire river-water cooling without pumps; operational since October 2024. A swell-powered offshore version is planned, not built.

As of 2024-10 · Data Center Dynamics

deployed operating facilityfloating · floating barge

Stockton 1 floating barge

Nautilus Data Technologies · Stockton, California, USA

6.5 MW critical IT load across four data halls; Tier III; ~55 kW rack densities via river-water cooling; commissioned 2021. Listed for sale at $45m in November 2024 at 86% leased as the operator pivots to licensing its EcoCore cooling technology.

As of 2024-11 · Data Center Dynamics

planned edge deploymentfloating · offshore oil platform

Galleon edge module on an offshore rig

Aker BP / Armada · Norwegian Continental Shelf, Norway

Agreement announced March 2026; begins with a single containerized Galleon unit for on-rig processing of drilling and operational data. Edge compute on a working platform, not a colocation data center; no capacity figures published.

As of 2026-03 · Data Center Dynamics

under constructionfloating · moored waterborne module + shoreside infrastructure

Floating Data Centre Park

Keppel Data Centres · 25 Loyang Crescent, Singapore

25 MW project with a four-story 19.2 MW waterborne module; seawater-cooled; capacity committed to an unnamed global hyperscaler; funded by Keppel Data Centre Fund II. Construction began Q1 2026; go-live targeted 2028.

As of 2026-04 · Data Center Dynamics

studyfloating · floating barge

Floating data center barge concept

Samsung Heavy Industries · No site announced

Concept/pre-order stage targeting commercialization as soon as Q2 2028; dedicated barge with on-board electrical infrastructure, initially shore-grid powered with water cooling. No vessel built, no committed capacity.

As of 2026-07 · TechRadar Pro

studyfloating · converted ship

Floating data centers converted from second-hand vessels

Mitsui O.S.K. Lines / Hitachi / Hitachi Systems · Japan (Malaysia and US under consideration)

MOU signed March 30, 2026 for demand verification and feasibility studies; operations targeted 2027 or later. Illustrative example: a car carrier offers ~54,000 m2 floor area; ~1-year conversion vs several years for a land build. No vessel converted yet.

As of 2026-03 · Mitsui O.S.K. Lines press release

deployed archival vaultunderground · former coal mine (permafrost vault)

Arctic World Archive - GitHub Arctic Code Vault

Arctic World Archive (Piql / SNSK) · Mine no. 3, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway

Offline, air-gapped piqlFilm vault 300 m inside the mine at about -4C; launched March 2017; hosts the GitHub Arctic Code Vault. Archival storage with manual retrieval, not an online data center - zero compute, off-grid by design.

As of 2026-07 · Arctic World Archive

deployed operating facilityunderground · limestone facility 85 ft below surface

Bluebird Underground Data Center

Bluebird Network · Springfield, Missouri, USA

6 MW built-out capacity (per Data Center Map listing); 85 feet underground encased in solid limestone; three diverse utility feeds, three backup generators, SOC 2 Type II; colocation plus fiber transport and Internet services.

As of 2026-07 · Data Center Map + Bluebird Fiber

deployed operating facilityunderground · tunnel-cave complex built into a hill

Gui'an Seven Stars (Qixing) Data Center

Tencent · Gui'an New Area, Guizhou, China

Capacity for 300,000 servers with about one-sixth housed in five tunnel caves; more than 30,000 m2 of tunneled space on a ~470,000 m2 site; maximum PUE ~1.1 logged in a Ministry of Industry and Information Technology inspection.

As of 2023-06 · China Daily

deployed operating facilityunderground · active mine

Intacture

GPI · Val di Non, Italy

European data center built inside an active mine approximately 100 meters below the surface; officially online in June 2026.

As of 2026-06 · GPI Group

deployed operating facilityunderground · former mine

Lefdal Mine

Lefdal Mine Data Centers · Måløy, Norway

Six underground levels and 75 chambers; up to 120,000 m2 potential white space; Level 3 capacity is 80 MW.

As of 2026 · Lefdal Mine Data Centers

deployed operating facilityunderground · civil-defense bunker

Pionen

Bahnhof · Stockholm, Sweden

Operating data center built inside a Cold War civil-defense / nuclear fallout shelter beneath Vita Bergen.

As of 2026 · Bahnhof

deployed operating facilityunderground · mountain hall

SVG-Rennesøy

Green Mountain · Stavanger, Norway

Former high-security NATO ammunition storage converted to a Tier III mountain-hall data center; 25 MW site capacity and 22,600 m2 space.

As of 2026 · Green Mountain

deployed operating facilityunderground · military bunker

Swiss Fort Knox

MOUNT10 · Swiss Alps, Switzerland

Underground data-storage and data-center site in former Swiss military bunkers.

As of 2026 · MOUNT10

deployed operating facilityunderground · limestone mine

WPA-1

Iron Mountain · Butler County, Pennsylvania

220 feet underground; 15.5 MW power capacity; 330,000 square feet; geothermal cooling from an underground reservoir.

As of 2026 · Iron Mountain

deployed operating facilityunderground · converted 1982 nuclear bomb shelter

Westland Bunker data center campus

Westland Bunker · Montgomery County, Texas, USA

Built 1982 as Westland Oil headquarters with a 40,000 sq ft nuclear bomb shelter; expanded with a 107,000 sq ft data center; 23 MW power capacity (per Baxtel); zero-downtime performance through Hurricane Ike.

As of 2026-07 · Baxtel

retired as colocationunderground · former Swiss Army command bunker (construction began 1948)

Attinghausen bunker data center

Deltalis · Near Attinghausen, Swiss Alps, Switzerland

Up to 10,000 m2 planned colocation space in a Cold War command-and-control bunker; Deltalis exited retail colocation in 2018 and the site was reportedly repositioned toward cryptocurrency mining/storage.

As of 2018-07 · Data Center Dynamics

deployed flight testatmosphere · HAPS

Sunglider

SoftBank / HAPSMobile · Stratosphere at approximately 19 km

62,500-foot / 19-km test flight; first LTE connectivity from a fixed-wing HAPS. Communications platform, not a data center.

As of 2020-09 · SoftBank

deployed aircraft platformatmosphere · HAPS

Zephyr HAPS

AALTO / Airbus · Stratosphere above 60,000 feet

Solar-electric stratospheric aircraft with observation and connectivity payloads. Airborne platform, not a data center.

As of 2026 · Airbus

planned pre-commercial platformatmosphere · HAPS

Sceye HAPS

SoftBank / Sceye · Stratosphere at approximately 20 km

Long-duration helium HAPS; pre-commercial service scheduled in Japan for 2026. Communications platform, not a data center.

As of 2026 target · SoftBank

studyatmosphere · atmosphere

Data Center-Enabled High Altitude Platforms

Academic proposal · High-altitude platform

Research proposal for a flying data-center-enabled HAP; no commercial deployment identified.

As of 2023-09 · arXiv

studyatmosphere · HAPS / stratospheric platform (conceptual)

Stratosphere computing platform PUE study

Cape Peninsula University of Technology (A. A. Periola) · Conceptual; modeled at 16-30 km altitude

Peer-reviewed MATLAB simulation of stratosphere-based data centres: modeled 43.9% average PUE improvement from an intelligent server-awakening architecture. No hardware built, flown, or deployed.

As of 2023-07 · Springer - Wireless Personal Communications (open access)

Worldwide connection & buildout sources operator, regulator, and system-planner records

Project-level demand queues are still rare. Each card states whether it is a queue, capacity map, forecast, or controlled-access registry so the evidence is not overstated.

atmospheric compute studyAtmosphere / stratosphere

Data Center-Enabled High Altitude Platforms research

Research proposal for a flying data-center-enabled high-altitude platform, including energy, solar, thermal, communication, and offloading analysis. It is a study, not a deployment record.

Academic research proposal · Academic system proposal and model

Published research; no commercial deployment identified · public

atmospheric edgeStratosphere / Japan

SoftBank HAPS / Sceye stratospheric platform

Primary HAPS source covering Sunglider testing at 19 km, Sceye long-duration platform, solar power, payloads, and planned pre-commercial communications service. HAPS is tracked as atmospheric edge infrastructure, not a full data center.

SoftBank Corp. · Aircraft / HAPS platform and communications payload

Flight-tested; pre-commercial service targeted for Japan in 2026 · public

atmospheric edgeStratosphere / global

Airbus / AALTO Zephyr HAPS

Primary platform source for the solar-electric Zephyr HAPS operating above 60,000 feet with earth-observation and connectivity payloads. It is tracked as an airborne compute-adjacent platform, not a data center.

Airbus / AALTO · Aircraft / stratospheric payload platform

Months-long endurance demonstrated; commercial service and payload status evolve · public

capacity + congestionNetherlands

Netbeheer Nederland national capacity map + large-user queue

National capacity map for large users: available transport capacity, congestion, queue counts, and requested MW by supply area. It is a constraint and connection-readiness source, not a data-center project list.

Netbeheer Nederland · Feeding area / municipality; large-consumer connection capacity

Map and queue data updated monthly · public

connection capacityGreat Britain

National Grid ESO / NESO Connections 360

Maps signed connection projects and high-/low-voltage sites with contracted capacity. It can inform location and queue diligence for large loads, but it does not publish a data-center-specific queue and access requires registration.

National Energy System Operator (NESO) · Site / contracted-project connection data; Great Britain

Continuously updated as contracted projects are processed · registration required

data-center connectionIreland

EirGrid data-center demand connections (DCCOPP v3)

Official data-center connection policy, application form, technical assessment, constrained-area criteria, demand fees, maximum-import-capacity process, and energisation prerequisites. Individual applications are not published as a public queue.

EirGrid / SONI · Data-center demand connection process; transmission and qualifying distribution demand

Policy and application material revised as CRU directions change · public

forecast + connection reportingNew Zealand

Transpower Te Kanapu data-center insights + connection reporting

System-planner data-center capacity scenarios and connection diligence. The companion connection-reporting process records proponent, site, coordinates, capacity, projected demand, commissioning date, and project stage; detailed portal access is controlled.

Transpower New Zealand · National data-center scenarios and project connection reporting

Te Kanapu insights are point-in-time; customer reporting updates with material changes · controlled access

forecast + firm capacitySingapore

Singapore Demand & Supply Outlook / new generation RFP

Primary demand-and-supply planning and firm-generation procurement signal. EMA identifies data centers and semiconductors as high-demand drivers; it does not identify individual data-center projects.

Energy Market Authority (EMA) · National demand and firm-generation procurement

Annual outlook; RFP schedule and awards as released · public

forecast + large-load validationPJM — United States

PJM data-center forecast + load adjustment evidence

Current long-term forecast report, tables, data workbook, data-center accuracy report, and load-adjustment evidence. PJM vets large-load requests for commitments and double-counting; this is a forecast and validation source rather than a public queue.

PJM Interconnection · PJM zone / load-serving entity / 20-year demand forecast

Annual forecast with current data workbooks and stakeholder materials · public

forecast + system planAustralia

AEMO digital-demand integration + 2026 Integrated System Plan

Official system-planning entry point for data-center demand integration, connection processes, forecast development, and the 2026 ISP modelling/data workbooks. It is a planning source, not a public project queue.

Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) · National Electricity Market and Wholesale Electricity Market planning

2026 ISP published June 2026; planning cycle and supporting data updated regularly · public

historical load + generationUnited States

NREL ARPA-E PERFORM load, wind, and solar profiles

Time-coincident load, wind, and solar generation profiles. ERCOT actuals cover 2017-2018; NYISO/MISO/SPP actuals cover 2018-2019. Includes deterministic and probabilistic forecasts for existing sites and projected capacity-growth scenarios derived from interconnection-queue proposals.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), via OpenEI · 5-minute resolution time series

Static historical archive (published 2022-08-18; last revised 2022-10-06) · public

large-load operationsCentral United States

MISO large-load operational forecasting requirements

Operator requirements and planning context for non-conforming large loads, including data centers and advanced manufacturing. Useful for operational-readiness signals; it is not a public, project-level queue.

Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) · Large-load operational forecasting requirements

Current stakeholder / operator guidance · public

large-load queueNorway

Statnett capacity reservations + mature connection queue

Transmission-system connection data published from Statnett’s connection database: reserved capacity and mature queue projects by company, industry category, MW volume, location, and planned completion. Category filtering can surface data-center / industrial demand where disclosed.

Statnett · Project / customer / industry category / capacity reservation

Updated as Statnett releases connection-database statistics · public

large-load queueTexas — United States

ERCOT Large Load Interconnection (LLI) + LLWG

Project-scale large-load request workflow, study and fee milestones, energisation path, status materials, and committee records. This is the current deepest public data-center / large-load queue in the registry.

Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) · Large-load applications and committee materials; Texas interconnection system

As released by ERCOT and the Large Load Working Group · public

large-load queue + adequacyIreland and Northern Ireland

EirGrid / SONI large-demand system evidence

Primary system-operator paper with operating data-center peak demand, contracted capacity, demand share, connection applications, technical constraints, and 2032 adequacy scenarios. Some figures combine data centers with other new-technology loads and are labelled that way in Grid Watch.

EirGrid / SONI · All-island system and transmission-demand evidence

Point-in-time paper (November 2025); follow EirGrid/SONI for revisions · public

ocean computeChina

Highlander / HiCloud undersea data-center platform

Vendor and deployment source for underwater intelligent computing cabins, private cloud, undersea data centers, deployment projects, and the 2026 marine computing-power / offshore-energy partnership.

Beijing Highlander Digital Technology Co., Ltd. · Undersea data-center product, deployment, and project evidence

Company updates and project announcements · public

ocean computePacific Ocean and North Sea

Microsoft Project Natick — subsea data-center research record

Primary mission record for the two underwater prototypes: deployment, retrieval, power, rack/server payload, storage, reliability, water use, and the current research-stage status.

Microsoft Research · Prototype deployment and mission evidence; Pacific and North Sea

Completed pilot; mission record retained for design and reliability evidence · public

ocean computeUnited States / United Kingdom / Norway

Subsea Cloud Project OTTO

Commercial subsea data-center platform describing modular build, deployment, maintenance, cooling, connectivity, and public performance claims. No public MW or operating customer count is assumed.

Subsea Cloud Inc. · Subsea modular data-center product and planned deployments

Company material; project status must be verified directly · public

operating fleetUnited States

EIA Form 860 — Annual Electric Generator Inventory

Generator-level inventory: nameplate capacity, fuel type, owner/utility, in-service and planned/actual retirement dates, prime mover, technology, and environmental equipment. Texas/ERCOT plants are a filterable state subset, not a separate file.

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy · Individual generator/unit level; United States

Annual. 2025 early-release data published 2026-06-09; final 2025 data due September 2026. · public

orbital computeLEO / ISS

Axiom Space Orbital Data Centers

Primary orbital data-center program record covering AxDCU-1, the first two free-flying ODC nodes launched January 11, 2026, optical links, the ISS node roadmap, and long-term kilowatt-to-megawatt expansion intent.

Axiom Space · Orbital node / ISS prototype / network roadmap

Company program page updated as missions and nodes progress · public

reliability + adequacyNorth America

NERC Long-Term Reliability Assessment

North American reliability assessment with planner-submitted demand forecasts, large-load / data-center growth, resource-adequacy risk, and regional exposure. The source is a validated planning outlook, not an interconnection queue.

North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) · Assessment area and regional planning outlook

Annual assessment · public

underground computeItaly

Intacture active-mine data center

Company announcement for an operating data center approximately 100 meters below the surface inside an active mine in Val di Non.

GPI Group · Facility / operating launch

Operating from June 2026 · public

underground computeNorway

Green Mountain SVG-Rennesøy mountain-hall data center

Operating high-security data center in converted mountain halls / former NATO ammunition storage, with published site capacity, space, PUE, grid supplies, and build-out description.

Green Mountain · Facility site and capacity; Stavanger region

Operating facility; site updates as expansion changes · public

underground computeNorway

Lefdal Mine Data Centers facility

Operating underground data-center campus in a former mine with published chambers, white-space potential, levels, power backbone, and 80 MW Level 3 capacity.

Lefdal Mine Data Centers · Facility / chamber / level buildout

Natural-mine campus with staged capacity expansion · public

underground computeSweden

Bahnhof Pionen underground data center

Operating Stockholm data center built inside a former Cold War civil-defense / nuclear fallout shelter, with published security, connectivity, cooling, and operations detail.

Bahnhof · Facility and colocation infrastructure

Operating facility; capacity not publicly stated on the source page · public

underground computeSwitzerland

Swiss Fort Knox underground data center

Operating secure underground data-storage / data-center infrastructure in former Swiss military bunkers in the Alps.

MOUNT10 AG · Facility and secure-storage infrastructure

Operating facility; capacity not assumed where not published · public

underground computeUnited States

Iron Mountain Western Pennsylvania WPA-1

Operating colocation site 220 feet underground in a former limestone mine, with published 15.5 MW power capacity, 330,000 square feet, geothermal cooling, utility, and connectivity.

Iron Mountain Data Centers · Facility-level capacity and infrastructure

Operating facility; published capacity subject to commercial availability · public

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