Diario AS
The water level of the Great Lakes is decreasing rapidly: Are AI data centers to blame? - Diario AS
The water level of the Great Lakes is decreasing rapidly: Are AI data centers to blame? Diario AS
Data Center
WATCH
the power, compute + dependency layer behind the data-center buildoutERCOT CAISO PJM MISO NYISO ISO-NE SPP
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Global repository datacenter build out
One board for past buildouts, current load, future requests, power-capacity gaps, and the primary → secondary → tertiary dependencies that turn a greenfield site into an operating compute campus. Every number links to a primary source.
ERCOT deep dive · evidence store · 2026-07-12
Initializing orbital network map…
PAN
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Loading map detail…
Facility layer: ATLAS · OSM · PeeringDB · FracTracker · Epoch AI. ATLAS points use city centroids. MW only when source-stated. Marker size is signal tier, not a complete capacity census. Fiber arcs are simplified public corridors — not exact routes or live capacity.
15,512facilities
7,790localities
32fiber arcs
179countries
lat — · lng — · alt —
Future / requestedqueue, submissions, greenfields
Gap / at riskshortfall, lead time, constraint
Signal board
Every headline datapoint is a card. Click any card to jump to the underlying detail.
ERCOT large-load queue
future438.0 GW
+94% vs. 2025
New submissions to 2036
future140.0 GW
reported submissions still being processed
Queue attributed to data centers
future90%
editorial feed signal · not a forecast
Approved to energize
process9,042 MW
ERCOT · cumulative
Observed operational peak
live3,883 MW
large loads actually drawing power
Queue not yet observed
gap434.1 GW
gross backlog proxy · not a cancellation estimate
Power gap proxy
gap263.1 GW
queue − fleet · 2.5× current nameplate
ERCOT demand, live
live64.0 GW
EIA-930 · 2026-07-12T05Z · 37% of nameplate
Energy delivered
live59,414 GWh
ERCOT · last 37 days
Operating generation fleet
live174.9 GW
1 region · EIA-860/860M
Fuel + firming base
live67.2 GW
Natural Gas · 38% · battery 15.9 GW
Flagship compute
live1,742.0 PF
El Capitan · 29.6 MW · queue ≈ 14,807×
Compute efficiency
live58.9 GF/W
134× since 2008
Data-center build cost
process$11–11.3/W
full build / shell-and-core benchmarks
Cooling efficiency · best fleet
process1.09 PUE
Google (global fleet-wid · broad avg 1.54
Next Batch Zero deadline
process12 days
2026-07-24 · Batch Zero Load Information Form due t
Extreme-environment compute
coverage38 records
21 deployed · 1 operating · 7 planned · 5 study · atmosphere 5, floating 6, lunar 1, ocean 7, orbit 8, underground 11
Data center jobs
process168 open roles
employer ATS boards · Texas & remote
Worldwide DC facilities
coverage27,403
15,512 geocoded · 179 countries · open sources
Facilities with disclosed MW
live583 sites
Σ disclosed 240.5 GW · never estimated for gaps
Worldwide source registry
coverage27 sources
queues · capacity · forecasts · primary operators
Coverage footprint
coverage13 dependency layers
7/7 regions live · primary → tertiary
Worldwide facility registry 27,403 sites · open sources only · every row sourced
Worldwide facility layer assembled from open sources plus the full ATLAS directory (unrestricted use granted to Data Center Watch by the ATLAS IP team, 2026-07), OpenStreetMap (ODbL), PeeringDB interconnection campuses, FracTracker US operating/proposed inventory, and Epoch AI large AI campuses (CC BY 4.0). ATLAS coordinates are city-level centroids (labelled as such), not rooftop GPS. DataCenterMap and Baxtel remain catalogued only (commercial no-scrape). MW and H100-eq appear only when a source states them. Gaps stay empty. The globe plots every geocoded row; fiber arcs remain illustrative corridors.
Facility count by country label · incomplete where source omits country
Provenance mix · dual-count possible pre-dedup across sources
| Facility | Operator | Country | City / region | MW | H100-eq | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Project Jade | Crusoe | United States | Cheyenne | 10.0 GW | — | suspended | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| SoftBank Data Center/PORTS Technology Campus | Softbank/Open AI (unconfirmed) | United States | Piketon | 9,200 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Stratos Project, eastern parcels | — | United States | Snowville | 9,000 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| New Era Energy & Digital Data Center | — | United States | Lea County | 7,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| GW Ranch (Pacifico Energy) | — | United States | Pecos County | 5,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Homer City Energy Campus | Homer City Redevelopment (with Kiewit as contractor/partner) | United States | Homer City | 4,500 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Shippingport Bruce Mansfield Data Center/Project Phoenix | Aligned Data Centers | United States | Shippingport | 3,600 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Pittsylvania County Data Center | Balico LLC | United States | Chatham | 3,500 MW | — | cancelled | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| MSB Global Services Matrix Data Center | — | United States | Sulphur Springs | 3,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Stak Energy Data Center | Stak | United States | North Slope Borough | 3,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Vermaland Data Center | Vermaland LLC | United States | Red Rock | 3,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Hobart Data Center | Amazon | United States | Hobart | 2,400 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Tract Technology Campus | VALCO HANOVER COUNTY | United States | Ashland | 2,400 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Adams Fork Harless Data Center | TransGas Development, LLC | United States | Holden | 2,398 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Adams Fork Wharncliffe Data Center | TransGas Development, LLC | United States | Wharncliffe | 2,398 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| New Carlisle Data Center | Amazon | United States | New Carlisle | 2,200 MW | — | operating | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Eneus Energy | Eneus Energy | United States | Harlingen | 2,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Green Data Center | — | United States | Socorro | 2,000 MW | — | cancelled | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| PowerBridge/LandBridge | — | United States | Between Odessa and Pecos | 2,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Project Horizon | Poolside/CoreWeave | United States | Fort Stockton | 2,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Sterling Data Center | Granite Renewables | United States | Sterling | 2,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Sweetwater 1 and 2 | IREN | United States | Sweetwater | 2,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Project Bunkhouse | Gaines Family Land LLC | United States | Cartersville | 1,830 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| AREP PowerHouse Grand Prairie | PowerHouse Data Centers | United States | Midlothian | 1,800 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| PowerHouse Data Centers | — | United States | Jackson Twp/ Joliet | 1,800 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| PowerHouse Hillwood Holding | PowerHouse Hillwood Holding | United States | Joliet | 1,800 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Ridgeline Microgrid | Fundamental Data LLC | United States | Davis | 1,656 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Tract Data Center | — | United States | Silver Springs | 1,600 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Antelope Data Center | — | United States | Cedar City | 1,500 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Arizona Land Consulting Co. | — | United States | Tonopah | 1,500 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Blakely Data Center | — | United States | Blakely | 1,500 MW | — | cancelled | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Crusoe/ Blue Energy Data Center | Crusoe | United States | Victoria | 1,500 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| NE Edge Groton Data Center | — | United States | Waterford | 1,500 MW | — | cancelled | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Open AI/ SoftBank "Freebird" | — | United States | Burlington | 1,500 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Project Gold Data Center | — | United States | Clifton Twship | 1,500 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Stargate Data Center | Bristolville 25 Developer LLC | United States | Warren | 1,500 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Frontier Vantage Data Center | — | United States | Abilene | 1,400 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Related Digital/The Barn | Related Digital/Open AI/Oracle | United States | Saline | 1,400 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| xAI Colossus 2 | xAI | United States | Memphis | 1,400 MW | — | expanding | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Project Arrowhead | — | United States | Ocilla | 1,250 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Wyoming Hyperscale Whitebox | Prometheus Hyperscale | United States | Evanston | 1,250 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Zenith Volts Data Center | — | United States | Roswell | 1,240 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Project Aquilla: Abbott Holding Data Center | RCM Hill | United States | Hill County | 1,235 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Amazon Data Center | Amazon | United States | Heppner | 1,200 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| CloudBurst Data Center | — | United States | New Braunfels | 1,200 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Kentucky Industrial Alliance LLC Data Center | Kentucky Industrial Alliance LLC | United States | Cave City | 1,200 MW | — | suspended | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Oasis Data Center | — | United States | Fredericksburg | 1,200 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Open AI/ SoftBank Stargate Data Center (Lancium Clean Campus) | Microsoft (previously Open AI/Oracle) | United States | Abilene | 1,200 MW | — | operating | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Project Marvel | Logistic Land Investments LLC | United States | Bessemer | 1,200 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Project Spade | Related Digital/Google | United States | New Florence | 1,200 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| South Valley Technology Park Data Center | Tract | United States | Sparks | 1,200 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Starwood Digital Ventures | — | United States | New Castle | 1,200 MW | — | suspended | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Tract Data Center | Fleet | United States | Silver Springs | 1,200 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Amazon Jeffersonville Data Center | Amazon | United States | Jeffersonville | 1,184 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| EdgeCore | EdgeCore | United States | Kents Store | 1,100 MW | — | suspended | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Stack Data Center | — | United States | Stafford | 1,100 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Goodnight Campus | Crusoe | United States | Claude | 1,030 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Wilsonville Data Center | Northpoint Development | United States | Wilsonville | 1,008 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Amazon Ridgeland | Amazon | United States | Ridgeland | 1,000 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Eagle Rock Data Center | Eagle Rock | United States | Palmer | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Flint Hills Digital Campus | — | United States | Emporia | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Lacy Lakeview Data Center | InfraKey Capital | United States | Lacy Lakeview | 1,000 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Lower Peninsula Data Center | — | United States | Lower Peninsula | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Meta Project Seafox | Wurldwide LLC/ Meta | United States | El Paso | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Nixxy-Tachyon 9 Data Center | — | United States | Epping | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Panattoni Project Cannoli | United States | Van Buren Township | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da | |
| Project Domino | Meta | United States | Lebanon | 1,000 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Quantica LLC Big Sky Campus | Meta, Google, Amazon | United States | Broadview | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Rocklocker LLC | — | United States | Kalkaska Township | 1,000 MW | — | cancelled | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Sentinel Grove Technology Park/ Project Jarvis | — | United States | Fort Pierce | 1,000 MW | — | suspended | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Stafford Technology Campus | — | United States | Stafford | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Tract Morris Data Center | Tract Data Centers | United States | Morris | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Treetop Development Project | onovan Drive Holdings LLC | United States | Hopewell Junction | 1,000 MW | — | suspended | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Walterboro Data Center | Eagle Rock Partners | United States | Walterboro | 1,000 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Salem Township Amazon Data Center | Amazon | United States | Wapwallopen | 960 MW | — | proposed | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Colossus 2 | SpaceXAI | United States | — | 946 MW | 1,390k | ai_campus | Epoch AI Data Centers (CC BY 4.0 |
| Project Sail | Atlas Development | United States | Newnan | 936 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle | Amazon | United States | — | 910 MW | 687k | ai_campus | Epoch AI Data Centers (CC BY 4.0 |
| Robena Mine Data Center/ Project Hummingbird | Essential Utilities/ International Electric Power of Pittsburgh | United States | Monongahela Township | 910 MW | — | approved/permitted/under con | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
| Bolingbroke Technology Campus | — | United States | Macon | 900 MW | — | cancelled | FracTracker Alliance National Da |
Buildout dependency map the chain behind every new data center
Coverage model: what we already observe, what should be ingested next, and where a power story becomes a land, water, equipment, labor, capital, or community story. Green dots are tracked; violet dots are catalogued for ingestion.
Primary
Land + greenfield
site control · zoning · water rights
Primary
Load + offtake
MW request · ramp · utilization
Primary
Grid interconnection
queue · study · milestone
Primary
Utility delivery
service date · tariff · curtailment
Secondary
Generation + firming
gas · nuclear · renewables · BESS
Secondary
Transmission + substation
transformers · lines · upgrades
Secondary
Water + cooling
PUE · WUE · source · discharge
Secondary
Fiber + network
backhaul · latency · route diversity
Secondary
Permitting + community
air · noise · tax · local votes
Tertiary
Equipment supply chain
GPU · switchgear · generators
Tertiary
EPC + workforce
design · crews · commissioning
Tertiary
Capital + tax base
capex · incentives · revenue
Tertiary
Operations + externalities
uptime · emissions · waste heat
News monitor daily crawl · headline links only · source first
The ticker is fed by an automated RSS crawl across grid, energy, data-center, HPC, and large-load sources. Headlines link to the original publisher; Data Center Watch does not copy article bodies.
The Enterprise Journal
State leaders give thoughts on AI, Pope Leo. Data center pushback continues: Mississippi Marketplace - The Enterprise Journal
State leaders give thoughts on AI, Pope Leo. Data center pushback continues: Mississippi Marketplace The Enterprise Journal
simplywall.st
Broadcom Stock And 2 More AI Infrastructure Picks For Power Grid Investors - simplywall.st
Broadcom Stock And 2 More AI Infrastructure Picks For Power Grid Investors simplywall.st
Startup Fortune
Empery Digital Dumps Nearly Half Its Bitcoin to Chase an AI Data Center Bet - Startup Fortune
Empery Digital Dumps Nearly Half Its Bitcoin to Chase an AI Data Center Bet Startup Fortune
The Nevada Independent
OPINION: Sorry, governor, but citizens remain heated up about data center development - The Nevada Independent
OPINION: Sorry, governor, but citizens remain heated up about data center development The Nevada Independent
Crypto Briefing
Terawulf inks $19B AI lease, Strategy shifts $65M from Bitcoin to AI data center - Crypto Briefing
Terawulf inks $19B AI lease, Strategy shifts $65M from Bitcoin to AI data center Crypto Briefing
Barron's
This Data Center IPO Is the Next Big Test for the AI Trade - Barron's
This Data Center IPO Is the Next Big Test for the AI Trade Barron's
simplywall.st
Constellation Energy Stock And Other Nuclear Picks For AI Data Center Power - simplywall.st
Constellation Energy Stock And Other Nuclear Picks For AI Data Center Power simplywall.st
Briefs Finance
Microsoft Greenhouse Gas Emissions Rose 25% in 2025 Amid AI Data Center Boom - Briefs Finance
Microsoft Greenhouse Gas Emissions Rose 25% in 2025 Amid AI Data Center Boom Briefs Finance
WBRC
‘Paws Against the Machine’: Community backs humane society in fight against AI data center - WBRC
‘Paws Against the Machine’: Community backs humane society in fight against AI data center WBRC
The Cool Down
New York village eyes 12-month pause on AI data centers over water, energy fears - The Cool Down
New York village eyes 12-month pause on AI data centers over water, energy fears The Cool Down
simplywall.st
Arista Networks Stock And 2 AI Infrastructure Picks Worth Watching - simplywall.st
Arista Networks Stock And 2 AI Infrastructure Picks Worth Watching simplywall.st
Live activity console automation, subscribers & new postings · polled ~60s
A public, no-PII feed of what the automation behind Data Center Watch is doing right now — pipeline refresh runs, curator/audit agent outcomes, new job postings, and anonymized subscriber signups. This never shows an email address.
connecting…
Grid pulse hourly demand + daily peaks · EIA-930
Actual system demand — not interconnection requests. Crosshair cursors, ±1σ band, mean reference, scientific axes. Gaps stay empty — nothing is interpolated.
μ / σ / range from observed hours only · brush + scroll to zoom · EIA-930
Daily peak by balancing authority · fixed categorical colors · nulls not filled
Interconnection queues latest verified totals · ERCOT history
Step series · queue jumps only at published decks · no interpolation between months
Approved vs observed · realization % = observed ÷ approved when both exist
| Region | Total queue | As of |
|---|---|---|
| ERCOT | 438.0 GW | 2026-03-31 |
Generation capacity actual in-service fleet · EIA-860/860M
Nameplate capacity by fuel — what is built, not what is requested. Complements the queue charts above.
Nightingale rose · nameplate MW share · EIA-860/860M
Lollipop fleet map · operating nameplate by region
| Region | MW | As of |
|---|---|---|
| ERCOT | 174.9 GW | 2026-04 |
| ERCOT fuel | MW | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Natural Gas | 67.2 GW | 38% |
| Wind | 40.0 GW | 23% |
| Solar | 31.6 GW | 18% |
| Battery Storage | 15.9 GW | 9% |
| Coal | 13.4 GW | 8% |
| Nuclear | 5,139 MW | 3% |
| Oil/Diesel | 798 MW | 0% |
| Hydro | 549 MW | 0% |
| Other/Biomass | 374 MW | 0% |
Industry benchmarks every figure independently verified against its primary source
Lower is better · reference line at industry ~1.5 PUE · source-linked table below
CapEx per watt
| Entity | $/W | As of | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1x1 combined-cycle gas turbine plant (generation side, not the data center building) | $0.92/W | 2023 | GridLab / Energy Futures Group / Halcyon, citing EIA (Sargent & Lundy cost study) |
| Traditional prime markets, full build (shell + M&E + cooling + fit-out) | $11.00/W | 2025-2026 | CBRE Investment Management, citing Turner & Townsend Data Center Cost Index |
| Global average (shell-and-core construction) | $11.30/W | 2026 (forecast) | JLL |
Cooling — PUE table
| Entity | PUE | As of | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Google (global fleet-wide) | 1.09 | 2025 | Google (datacenters.google) |
| AWS (global fleet-wide) | 1.14 | 2025 | Amazon.com Inc. (Amazon Sustainability) |
| US national average (all data center types) | 1.40 | 2023 | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637) |
| Global industry average (Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025, n=681) | 1.54 | 2025 | Uptime Institute (Uptime Intelligence) |
DC share of annual grid electricity
| Entity | Share | As of | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States — all data centers (649 TWh reference case) | 11.8% of total U.S. electricity use | 2030 (reference forecast) | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update |
| Ireland — all grid-connected data centers (7.663 TWh metered) | 23.0% of total metered electricity consumption | 2025 | Central Statistics Office Ireland — Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 |
| United States — all data centers (176 TWh estimated consumption) | 4.4% of total U.S. electricity use | 2023 | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report |
Buildout & dependency chain
| Metric | Entity | Value | As of | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contracted large-load capacity | Ireland — data centers + other new-technology loads, transmission contracts | 2,000 MW | 2025-08 | EirGrid / SONI — Large Demand Facility Fault Ride Through information paper |
| Data-center capacity | New Zealand — data-center capacity (median scenario) | 400 MW | 2035 (forecast) | Transpower — Te Kanapu Data Centres Insights |
| Data-center energy share | Ireland — data centers + new-technology loads (median scenario) | 30.0% of electrical energy requirements | 2032 (forecast) | EirGrid / SONI — Large Demand Facility Fault Ride Through information paper |
| Projected data-center load growth | PJM — projected data-center load growth (up to) | 30.0 GW | 2030 (forecast) | PJM — 2025 Year in Review: Planning |
| Observed data-center peak demand | Ireland — data centers (observed peak demand to date) | 800 MW | 2025-08 | EirGrid / SONI — Large Demand Facility Fault Ride Through information paper |
ERCOT deep dive
Upcoming Batch Zero deadlines
- 2026-07-24 — Batch Zero Load Information Form due to ERCOT
Watch feed
2026-07-24 batch zero deadline
Batch Zero Load Information Form due to ERCOT
Interconnecting TSPs must submit the Batch Zero LIF workbook, Dynamic Stability Study Form, and Section 9.2.1.2/9.2.1.4 attestations to BatchZero@ercot.com source
2026-07-10 batch zero deadline
Form X / Form W / most ILLE attestations due
ILLEs must submit Form X (WLPUN designation), Form W (PCLR commitment), and Section 9.2.1.1 attestations to their interconnecting DSP/TSP source
2026-06-18 regulatory
PUCT approves Batch Zero rules
PUCT approved rules for ERCOT to review an initial batch of large-load interconnection requests (75+ MW), including a $50,000/MW fee structure source
2026-03-31 queue update
Large-load queue reaches 438 GW
ERCOT tracking 438 GW of large-load requests; ~90% from data centers; 198 GW applied in Q1 2026 alone source
2026-03-13 queue update
137 new LLI submissions totaling ~140 GW by 2036
ERCOT reported receiving 137 new LLI submissions totaling approximately 140,000 MW of new large load by 2036, still being processed source
2025-11-30 queue update
Queue nearly quadruples year-over-year
226 GW of large-load interconnection requests, up from 63 GW twelve months earlier; 73% from data centers source
Snapshot table
| Month | Total queue | Approved | Observed peak | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-03-31 | 438.0 GW | 9,042 MW | 3,883 MW | Utility Dive / PUCT; ERCOT Mar 2026 TAC report |
| 2025-11-30 | 226.0 GW | — | — | ERCOT public data via davefriedman.substack.com |
| 2025-03-31 | — | 9,042 MW | 3,883 MW | ERCOT LLI Status Update Mar 2026 (TAC) |
| 2024-11-30 | 63.0 GW | — | — | ERCOT public data via davefriedman.substack.com |
| 2024-01-31 | 39.3 GW | 4,479 MW | 2,587 MW | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
| 2023-12-31 | 39.2 GW | 4,479 MW | 2,432 MW | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
| 2023-10-31 | 39.3 GW | 3,926 MW | 2,379 MW | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
| 2023-09-30 | 39.6 GW | 3,926 MW | 2,379 MW | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
| 2023-08-31 | 42.5 GW | 3,744 MW | 2,347 MW | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
| 2023-07-31 | — | 3,084 MW | 2,336 MW | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
| 2023-05-31 | 41.8 GW | 2,620 MW | 2,072 MW | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
| 2023-04-30 | 39.6 GW | 2,570 MW | 2,013 MW | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
| 2023-03-31 | 39.4 GW | 2,570 MW | — | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
| 2022-04-30 | 17.4 GW | — | — | ERCOT LLI Status Update Jan 2024 |
Compute per megawatt worldwide · TOP500 flagship systems
Dual axis · log efficiency (Gflops/W) + HPL power (MW) · measured as published, never estimated
| List | System | Country | HPL Rmax | Power | Gflops/W |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-11 | El Capitan | United States | 1,742.0 PF | 29.6 MW | 58.89 |
| 2024-06 | Aurora | United States | 1,012.0 PF | 38.7 MW | 26.15 |
| 2022-06 | Frontier | United States | 1,102.0 PF | 21.1 MW | 52.23 |
| 2020-11 | Fugaku | Japan | 442.0 PF | 29.9 MW | 14.78 |
| 2019-06 | Summit | United States | 148.6 PF | 10.1 MW | 14.72 |
| 2016-06 | Sunway TaihuLight | China | 93.0 PF | 15.4 MW | 6.05 |
| 2013-06 | Tianhe-2 | China | 33.9 PF | 17.8 MW | 1.90 |
| 2012-11 | Titan | United States | 17.6 PF | 8.2 MW | 2.14 |
| 2011-11 | K computer | Japan | 10.5 PF | 12.7 MW | 0.83 |
| 2009-11 | Jaguar | United States | 1.8 PF | 7.0 MW | 0.25 |
| 2008-06 | Roadrunner | United States | 1.0 PF | 2.3 MW | 0.44 |
Extreme-environment compute ledger orbit · ocean · floating · underground · atmosphere · polar
Documented data centers, computing payloads, and proposals in non-standard environments — including Antarctic research IT (McMurdo IT&C, IceCube, South Pole Telescope). Communications platforms and edge systems are labelled when they are not full data centers; no unpublished MW is inferred. Commercial hyperscale does not operate on the Antarctic continent under the Treaty System.
deployed commercial cloud deviceorbit · LEO
AWS Snowcone on Ax-1
Axiom Space · International Space Station
Commercial cloud device operationalized aboard the ISS in 2022; commercial AI inference conducted in orbit. Edge device, not a full data center.
deployed research prototypeorbit · LEO
AxDCU-1
Axiom Space · International Space Station
Data Center Unit-1 powered by Red Hat Device Edge; cloud computing, AI/ML, data fusion, and space-cybersecurity test applications.
deployed commercial nodesorbit · LEO
Orbital Data Center nodes 1–2
Axiom Space · Free-flying low Earth orbit nodes
First two dedicated orbital data-center nodes launched January 11, 2026; 2.5 Gbps-capable optical intersatellite links.
deployed research systemorbit · LEO
Spaceborne Computer-2
NASA + Hewlett Packard Enterprise · International Space Station
HPE ProLiant DL360 server plus Edgeline 4000 server; research and commercial edge-compute validation.
deployed technology demonstratororbit · LEO
Starcloud-1
Starcloud · Low Earth orbit
First NVIDIA H100 GPU in orbit; company reports Gemini inference and nanoGPT training in space.
planned orbital nodeorbit · LEO
AxODC Node ISS
Axiom Space · International Space Station
Planned additional ISS ODC node; Axiom says it plans at least three interconnected ODC nodes by 2027.
planned commercial missionorbit · LEO / SSO
Starcloud-2
Starcloud · Sun-synchronous orbit
GPU cluster; persistent storage; 24/7 access; proprietary thermal and power systems in a smallsat form factor.
studyorbit · feasibility study
Space-Based Data Centres study
European Space Agency · ESA Discovery and Preparation study
Generic space-data-centre architecture and simulation; the work examines technical operational and economic constraints before mission approval.
deployed proof of conceptlunar · lunar surface
Independence payload
Lonestar Data Holdings · Odysseus landing site near the lunar south pole
Commercial lunar data-storage and edge-processing test; data was stored on the Moon and returned to Earth.
operating moduleocean · ocean
Hainan Undersea Data Center
Highlander / HiCloud · Lingshui Li, Hainan, China
Builder-backed project reported as running smoothly after its first module launched March 31, 2023; commercial undersea data-center service and deployment program.
deployed and recoveredocean · ocean
Northern Isles (SSDC-002)
Microsoft · European Marine Energy Centre, North Sea
240 kW; 12 racks; 864 servers; 27.6 PB; deployed June 2018 and retrieved July 2020.
planned national demonstrationocean · seabed
Carbon-Zero Underwater Data Center Standard Model (Ulsan)
Korea Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries + 12-org consortium (KIOST, UNIST, POSCO, GS E&C, SK Telecom) · Offshore Ulsan, South Korea
Site selected April 2026; test module at 20 m depth (as reported); target PUE 1.2; 51.1 billion won total investment through 2030; demonstration facility targeted by 2030, commercial construction from 2031. Nothing deployed yet.
planned deployment partnershipocean · ocean
Marine computing-power synergy benchmark
Highlander / CCCC · China coastal regions
Strategic partnership signed June 2026 for scaled undersea compute deployment and computing-power / offshore-energy synergy.
planned commercial deployments (rolling trial)ocean · ocean
Project OTTO
Subsea Cloud · Subsea deployment portfolio
Modular subsea data centers on a build/deploy/maintain model; company marketing claims up to 700 MW per-site capability (a capability claim, not deployed capacity); Project OTTO rolling customer trial began October 2024 off south-west Norway with a 16-rack unit at 150 kW+ per rack.
retired research pilotocean · ocean
Project Natick Phase 1
Microsoft · Pacific Ocean seabed
First underwater data-center pilot operated approximately one kilometer off the Pacific coast from August to November 2015.
announced, never confirmed deployedocean · submerged capsule
San Francisco Bay underwater GPU capsule
NetworkOcean · San Francisco Bay, California, USA
Company claimed a 500 kW capsule and offered 2,048 NVIDIA H100 GPUs for reservation; sought no permits and SF Bay regulators warned of heavy fines (Wired, Sept 2024). No public evidence the test ever took place; current status unknown.
deployed operating pilotfloating · floating river platform
Denv-R floating data center, Nantes
Denv-R / Geps Techno · Quai Wilson, Loire River, Nantes, France
200 kW in a 100 m2 solar-covered container housing four racks; passive Loire river-water cooling without pumps; operational since October 2024. A swell-powered offshore version is planned, not built.
deployed operating facilityfloating · floating barge
Stockton 1 floating barge
Nautilus Data Technologies · Stockton, California, USA
6.5 MW critical IT load across four data halls; Tier III; ~55 kW rack densities via river-water cooling; commissioned 2021. Listed for sale at $45m in November 2024 at 86% leased as the operator pivots to licensing its EcoCore cooling technology.
planned edge deploymentfloating · offshore oil platform
Galleon edge module on an offshore rig
Aker BP / Armada · Norwegian Continental Shelf, Norway
Agreement announced March 2026; begins with a single containerized Galleon unit for on-rig processing of drilling and operational data. Edge compute on a working platform, not a colocation data center; no capacity figures published.
under constructionfloating · moored waterborne module + shoreside infrastructure
Floating Data Centre Park
Keppel Data Centres · 25 Loyang Crescent, Singapore
25 MW project with a four-story 19.2 MW waterborne module; seawater-cooled; capacity committed to an unnamed global hyperscaler; funded by Keppel Data Centre Fund II. Construction began Q1 2026; go-live targeted 2028.
studyfloating · floating barge
Floating data center barge concept
Samsung Heavy Industries · No site announced
Concept/pre-order stage targeting commercialization as soon as Q2 2028; dedicated barge with on-board electrical infrastructure, initially shore-grid powered with water cooling. No vessel built, no committed capacity.
studyfloating · converted ship
Floating data centers converted from second-hand vessels
Mitsui O.S.K. Lines / Hitachi / Hitachi Systems · Japan (Malaysia and US under consideration)
MOU signed March 30, 2026 for demand verification and feasibility studies; operations targeted 2027 or later. Illustrative example: a car carrier offers ~54,000 m2 floor area; ~1-year conversion vs several years for a land build. No vessel converted yet.
deployed archival vaultunderground · former coal mine (permafrost vault)
Arctic World Archive - GitHub Arctic Code Vault
Arctic World Archive (Piql / SNSK) · Mine no. 3, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
Offline, air-gapped piqlFilm vault 300 m inside the mine at about -4C; launched March 2017; hosts the GitHub Arctic Code Vault. Archival storage with manual retrieval, not an online data center - zero compute, off-grid by design.
deployed operating facilityunderground · limestone facility 85 ft below surface
Bluebird Underground Data Center
Bluebird Network · Springfield, Missouri, USA
6 MW built-out capacity (per Data Center Map listing); 85 feet underground encased in solid limestone; three diverse utility feeds, three backup generators, SOC 2 Type II; colocation plus fiber transport and Internet services.
deployed operating facilityunderground · tunnel-cave complex built into a hill
Gui'an Seven Stars (Qixing) Data Center
Tencent · Gui'an New Area, Guizhou, China
Capacity for 300,000 servers with about one-sixth housed in five tunnel caves; more than 30,000 m2 of tunneled space on a ~470,000 m2 site; maximum PUE ~1.1 logged in a Ministry of Industry and Information Technology inspection.
deployed operating facilityunderground · active mine
Intacture
GPI · Val di Non, Italy
European data center built inside an active mine approximately 100 meters below the surface; officially online in June 2026.
deployed operating facilityunderground · former mine
Lefdal Mine
Lefdal Mine Data Centers · Måløy, Norway
Six underground levels and 75 chambers; up to 120,000 m2 potential white space; Level 3 capacity is 80 MW.
deployed operating facilityunderground · civil-defense bunker
Pionen
Bahnhof · Stockholm, Sweden
Operating data center built inside a Cold War civil-defense / nuclear fallout shelter beneath Vita Bergen.
deployed operating facilityunderground · mountain hall
SVG-Rennesøy
Green Mountain · Stavanger, Norway
Former high-security NATO ammunition storage converted to a Tier III mountain-hall data center; 25 MW site capacity and 22,600 m2 space.
deployed operating facilityunderground · military bunker
Swiss Fort Knox
MOUNT10 · Swiss Alps, Switzerland
Underground data-storage and data-center site in former Swiss military bunkers.
deployed operating facilityunderground · limestone mine
WPA-1
Iron Mountain · Butler County, Pennsylvania
220 feet underground; 15.5 MW power capacity; 330,000 square feet; geothermal cooling from an underground reservoir.
deployed operating facilityunderground · converted 1982 nuclear bomb shelter
Westland Bunker data center campus
Westland Bunker · Montgomery County, Texas, USA
Built 1982 as Westland Oil headquarters with a 40,000 sq ft nuclear bomb shelter; expanded with a 107,000 sq ft data center; 23 MW power capacity (per Baxtel); zero-downtime performance through Hurricane Ike.
retired as colocationunderground · former Swiss Army command bunker (construction began 1948)
Attinghausen bunker data center
Deltalis · Near Attinghausen, Swiss Alps, Switzerland
Up to 10,000 m2 planned colocation space in a Cold War command-and-control bunker; Deltalis exited retail colocation in 2018 and the site was reportedly repositioned toward cryptocurrency mining/storage.
deployed flight testatmosphere · HAPS
Sunglider
SoftBank / HAPSMobile · Stratosphere at approximately 19 km
62,500-foot / 19-km test flight; first LTE connectivity from a fixed-wing HAPS. Communications platform, not a data center.
deployed aircraft platformatmosphere · HAPS
Zephyr HAPS
AALTO / Airbus · Stratosphere above 60,000 feet
Solar-electric stratospheric aircraft with observation and connectivity payloads. Airborne platform, not a data center.
planned pre-commercial platformatmosphere · HAPS
Sceye HAPS
SoftBank / Sceye · Stratosphere at approximately 20 km
Long-duration helium HAPS; pre-commercial service scheduled in Japan for 2026. Communications platform, not a data center.
studyatmosphere · atmosphere
Data Center-Enabled High Altitude Platforms
Academic proposal · High-altitude platform
Research proposal for a flying data-center-enabled HAP; no commercial deployment identified.
studyatmosphere · HAPS / stratospheric platform (conceptual)
Stratosphere computing platform PUE study
Cape Peninsula University of Technology (A. A. Periola) · Conceptual; modeled at 16-30 km altitude
Peer-reviewed MATLAB simulation of stratosphere-based data centres: modeled 43.9% average PUE improvement from an intelligent server-awakening architecture. No hardware built, flown, or deployed.
Worldwide connection & buildout sources operator, regulator, and system-planner records
Project-level demand queues are still rare. Each card states whether it is a queue, capacity map, forecast, or controlled-access registry so the evidence is not overstated.
atmospheric compute studyAtmosphere / stratosphere
Data Center-Enabled High Altitude Platforms research
Research proposal for a flying data-center-enabled high-altitude platform, including energy, solar, thermal, communication, and offloading analysis. It is a study, not a deployment record.
atmospheric edgeStratosphere / Japan
SoftBank HAPS / Sceye stratospheric platform
Primary HAPS source covering Sunglider testing at 19 km, Sceye long-duration platform, solar power, payloads, and planned pre-commercial communications service. HAPS is tracked as atmospheric edge infrastructure, not a full data center.
atmospheric edgeStratosphere / global
Airbus / AALTO Zephyr HAPS
Primary platform source for the solar-electric Zephyr HAPS operating above 60,000 feet with earth-observation and connectivity payloads. It is tracked as an airborne compute-adjacent platform, not a data center.
capacity + congestionNetherlands
Netbeheer Nederland national capacity map + large-user queue
National capacity map for large users: available transport capacity, congestion, queue counts, and requested MW by supply area. It is a constraint and connection-readiness source, not a data-center project list.
connection capacityGreat Britain
National Grid ESO / NESO Connections 360
Maps signed connection projects and high-/low-voltage sites with contracted capacity. It can inform location and queue diligence for large loads, but it does not publish a data-center-specific queue and access requires registration.
data-center connectionIreland
EirGrid data-center demand connections (DCCOPP v3)
Official data-center connection policy, application form, technical assessment, constrained-area criteria, demand fees, maximum-import-capacity process, and energisation prerequisites. Individual applications are not published as a public queue.
forecast + connection reportingNew Zealand
Transpower Te Kanapu data-center insights + connection reporting
System-planner data-center capacity scenarios and connection diligence. The companion connection-reporting process records proponent, site, coordinates, capacity, projected demand, commissioning date, and project stage; detailed portal access is controlled.
forecast + firm capacitySingapore
Singapore Demand & Supply Outlook / new generation RFP
Primary demand-and-supply planning and firm-generation procurement signal. EMA identifies data centers and semiconductors as high-demand drivers; it does not identify individual data-center projects.
forecast + large-load validationPJM — United States
PJM data-center forecast + load adjustment evidence
Current long-term forecast report, tables, data workbook, data-center accuracy report, and load-adjustment evidence. PJM vets large-load requests for commitments and double-counting; this is a forecast and validation source rather than a public queue.
forecast + system planAustralia
AEMO digital-demand integration + 2026 Integrated System Plan
Official system-planning entry point for data-center demand integration, connection processes, forecast development, and the 2026 ISP modelling/data workbooks. It is a planning source, not a public project queue.
historical load + generationUnited States
NREL ARPA-E PERFORM load, wind, and solar profiles
Time-coincident load, wind, and solar generation profiles. ERCOT actuals cover 2017-2018; NYISO/MISO/SPP actuals cover 2018-2019. Includes deterministic and probabilistic forecasts for existing sites and projected capacity-growth scenarios derived from interconnection-queue proposals.
large-load operationsCentral United States
MISO large-load operational forecasting requirements
Operator requirements and planning context for non-conforming large loads, including data centers and advanced manufacturing. Useful for operational-readiness signals; it is not a public, project-level queue.
large-load queueNorway
Statnett capacity reservations + mature connection queue
Transmission-system connection data published from Statnett’s connection database: reserved capacity and mature queue projects by company, industry category, MW volume, location, and planned completion. Category filtering can surface data-center / industrial demand where disclosed.
large-load queueTexas — United States
ERCOT Large Load Interconnection (LLI) + LLWG
Project-scale large-load request workflow, study and fee milestones, energisation path, status materials, and committee records. This is the current deepest public data-center / large-load queue in the registry.
large-load queue + adequacyIreland and Northern Ireland
EirGrid / SONI large-demand system evidence
Primary system-operator paper with operating data-center peak demand, contracted capacity, demand share, connection applications, technical constraints, and 2032 adequacy scenarios. Some figures combine data centers with other new-technology loads and are labelled that way in Grid Watch.
ocean computeChina
Highlander / HiCloud undersea data-center platform
Vendor and deployment source for underwater intelligent computing cabins, private cloud, undersea data centers, deployment projects, and the 2026 marine computing-power / offshore-energy partnership.
ocean computePacific Ocean and North Sea
Microsoft Project Natick — subsea data-center research record
Primary mission record for the two underwater prototypes: deployment, retrieval, power, rack/server payload, storage, reliability, water use, and the current research-stage status.
ocean computeUnited States / United Kingdom / Norway
Subsea Cloud Project OTTO
Commercial subsea data-center platform describing modular build, deployment, maintenance, cooling, connectivity, and public performance claims. No public MW or operating customer count is assumed.
operating fleetUnited States
EIA Form 860 — Annual Electric Generator Inventory
Generator-level inventory: nameplate capacity, fuel type, owner/utility, in-service and planned/actual retirement dates, prime mover, technology, and environmental equipment. Texas/ERCOT plants are a filterable state subset, not a separate file.
orbital computeLEO / ISS
Axiom Space Orbital Data Centers
Primary orbital data-center program record covering AxDCU-1, the first two free-flying ODC nodes launched January 11, 2026, optical links, the ISS node roadmap, and long-term kilowatt-to-megawatt expansion intent.
reliability + adequacyNorth America
NERC Long-Term Reliability Assessment
North American reliability assessment with planner-submitted demand forecasts, large-load / data-center growth, resource-adequacy risk, and regional exposure. The source is a validated planning outlook, not an interconnection queue.
underground computeItaly
Intacture active-mine data center
Company announcement for an operating data center approximately 100 meters below the surface inside an active mine in Val di Non.
underground computeNorway
Green Mountain SVG-Rennesøy mountain-hall data center
Operating high-security data center in converted mountain halls / former NATO ammunition storage, with published site capacity, space, PUE, grid supplies, and build-out description.
underground computeNorway
Lefdal Mine Data Centers facility
Operating underground data-center campus in a former mine with published chambers, white-space potential, levels, power backbone, and 80 MW Level 3 capacity.
underground computeSweden
Bahnhof Pionen underground data center
Operating Stockholm data center built inside a former Cold War civil-defense / nuclear fallout shelter, with published security, connectivity, cooling, and operations detail.
underground computeSwitzerland
Swiss Fort Knox underground data center
Operating secure underground data-storage / data-center infrastructure in former Swiss military bunkers in the Alps.
underground computeUnited States
Iron Mountain Western Pennsylvania WPA-1
Operating colocation site 220 feet underground in a former limestone mine, with published 15.5 MW power capacity, 330,000 square feet, geothermal cooling, utility, and connectivity.
Data center jobs direct employer · sponsored backfill
Critical-facilities, MEP, commissioning, and operations roles from public Greenhouse, Lever, and Ashby boards — plus optional sponsored listings when Adzuna keys are configured. No Indeed or LinkedIn scraping.
Prepare for these roles
- Uptime Institute — CDCTP training — operations & facilities certification path
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